1. ANS
A computer is a device that accepts information (in the form ofdigitalized data) and manipulates it for some result based on a program or sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed. Complex computers also include the means for storing data (including the program, which is also a form of data) for some necessary duration. A program may be invariable and built into the computer (and called logic circuitry as it is onmicroprocessors) or different programs may be provided to the computer (loaded into its storage and then started by an administrator or user). Today's computers have both kinds of programming.
Characteristics of a computer are as follows:- 1.automatic 2.speed 3.accuracy
4.deligence 5.versality 6.power of remembering 7.no i.q 8.no feelings
2.ANS
4.deligence 5.versality 6.power of remembering 7.no i.q 8.no feelings
2.ANS
COMPUTER GENERATION
The history of computing hardware is the record of the constant drive to make computer hardware faster, cheaper, and store more data.
first generation of computer was incorporated during the second world war by Germany to build a war plane while also in England was used to crack German secrect codes and the mode of operation was the use of valves of about 1500 to 1800.
Second generation was made ,and there was just a little change to the firtst generation and its mode of operation was the transistor instead of valves, these computer was used for calculation of great figures as well as sciencetific applications .
Third generation computer was designed to suite a small piece of space and its mode of operation was based on silicon and its used large silicon integrated circuit.
Forth generation computers was also designed to suite a small piece of space and its mode of operation was based on silicon of very large silicon integrated circuit ( VLSI) and ultra large silicon integrated circuit.(ULSI)
Fifth generation of computer is the development of software’s to enhances computer works and its robotic applications.
3. ANS
There are many computers which are different from each other in various aspects. Classification of computers are given below.
(1) Micro computers: These computers use a microprocessor chip and this chip is used instead of CPU means that this microprocessor chip works as a CPU.
These computers are also called personal computers. Two major types of these computers are laptop or Desktop computers. Only one user uses these computers at time that's why they are also known as personal computers.
(2) Mini Computers: These are powerful computer. These computers come into existence in 1960s at that time mainframe computer was very costly. Mini computers were available in cheap prices, so users start using it.
(3) Mainframe Computer: It as a very powerful and large computer. You can get idea of its power as it can handle processing of many users at a time.
Terminals are used to connect a user to this computer and users submit there task through mainframe. Terminal is a device which has keyboard and a screen. By using terminal users put inputs into the computer and get the output through screen.
(4) Super Computers: As the name "super computer" specifies that these are most powerful computers even than mainframe. Actually, when we optimize a mainframe computer then we get super computer.
(5) Microprocessor: You will find these computers everywhere. Microprocessor chips are used in many devices as I-pod, DVD, headphone etc
(1) Micro computers: These computers use a microprocessor chip and this chip is used instead of CPU means that this microprocessor chip works as a CPU.
These computers are also called personal computers. Two major types of these computers are laptop or Desktop computers. Only one user uses these computers at time that's why they are also known as personal computers.
(2) Mini Computers: These are powerful computer. These computers come into existence in 1960s at that time mainframe computer was very costly. Mini computers were available in cheap prices, so users start using it.
(3) Mainframe Computer: It as a very powerful and large computer. You can get idea of its power as it can handle processing of many users at a time.
Terminals are used to connect a user to this computer and users submit there task through mainframe. Terminal is a device which has keyboard and a screen. By using terminal users put inputs into the computer and get the output through screen.
(4) Super Computers: As the name "super computer" specifies that these are most powerful computers even than mainframe. Actually, when we optimize a mainframe computer then we get super computer.
(5) Microprocessor: You will find these computers everywhere. Microprocessor chips are used in many devices as I-pod, DVD, headphone etc
ANS 4
Computer software, or just software, is the collection of computer programs and related data that provide the instructions telling a computer what to do. We can also say software refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of the computer for some purposes. Program software performs the function of the program it implements, either by directly providing instructions to the computer hardware or by serving as input to another piece of software. The term was coined to contrast to the old term hardware (meaning physical devices). In contrast to hardware, software is intangible, meaning it "cannot be touched".[1] Software is also sometimes used in a more narrow sense, meaning application software only. Sometimes the term includes data that has not traditionally been associated with computers, such as film, tapes, and records
Types of S/W
- Application software includes end-user applications of computers such as word processors or video games, and ERP software for groups of users.
- Middleware controls and co-ordinates distributed systems.
- Programming languages define the syntax and semantics of computer programs. For example, many mature banking applications were written in the COBOL language, originally invented in 1959. Newer applications are often written in more modern programming languages.
- System software includes operating systems, which govern computing resources. Today[when?] large[quantify] applications running on remote machines such as Websites are considered[by whom?] to be system software, because[citation needed] the end-user interface is generally through a graphical user interface, such as a web browser.
- Testware is software for testing hardware or a software package.
- Firmware is low-level software often stored on electrically programmable memory devices. Firmware is given its name because it is treated like hardware and run ("executed") by other software programs.
- Shrinkware is the older name given to consumer-bought software, because it was often sold in retail stores in a shrink-wrapped box.
- Device drivers control parts of computers such as disk drives, printers, CD drives, or computer monitors.
- Programming tools help conduct computing tasks in any category listed above. For programmers, these could be tools for debugging or reverse engineering older legacy systems in order to check source code compatibility.
ANS5
A peripheral is a device attached to a host computer but not part of it whose primary functionality is dependent upon the host, and can therefore be considered as expanding the host's capabilities, while not forming part of the system's core architecture.
Various Types of Computer peripherals
Keyboard : Description: A keyboard is an input device that consists of numerous buttons, called keys, that send signals to the computer when pressed. Each key represents a character, number, symbol, or computer function. Some keys have additional meanings when they are used in combination with certain other keys.
Monitor :
Description: A monitor displays complex visual output from a computer.
Mouse :
Description: A mouse is a hand-operated input device that when moved laterally activates sensors that move a cursor on the monitor screen proportionately. Buttons on the mouse are used to activate computer functions. Which functions are activated depends on the position of the cursor. Some mice make use of scroll wheels as an alternative way to move the content of the monitor screen.
Speakers : Description: Speakers are used by a computer to generate sounds.
Printer: Description: A printer is used to put text and graphics that are in the computer's memory onto paper
ANS 6
Any machine or component that attaches to a computer. Examples of devicesinclude disk drives, printers, mice, and modems. These particular devices fall into the category of peripheral devices because they are separate from the main computer.
Most devices, whether peripheral or not, require a program called a device driver that acts as a translator, converting general commands from anapplication into specific commands that the device understands.
An output device is something you can see or hear, like the monitor or the speakers. an input device is a mouse or a keyboard, were you are inputting information intto the system.
7.ANS
7.ANS
Computer memory refers to devices that are used to store data or programs (sequences of instructions) on a temporary or permanent basis for use in an electronic digital computer. Computers represent information in binary code, written as sequences of 0s and 1s.
Types of Memory:
8.ANS
Primary memory and secondary memory are structured differently. Primary memory is on microchips called RAM or random access memory. Each chip has a huge grid of tiny switches. Each switch stores a single bit of memory, which the processor can access at any point by sending an electronic signal to the memory. Secondary memory is generally stored on a spinning magnetic disk. Memory is stored in circular tracks similar to the grooves on a record and a small read/write head floats above the surface of the disk like the tone arm on a record player. When the computer wants to store or read information on the disk, an electric motor moves the arm to a particular point over the disk and the read/write head either writes to the disk by making a series of magnetic pulses or reads from it by measuring the magnetic fluctuations in the surface of the disk. Some modern computers use what is called a "solid state" hard drive. The solid state drive stores information in a grid and has no moving parts, making it closer in structure to RAM than it is to a hard disk
9.ANS
9.ANS
(i) Pronounced as separate letters it is the abbreviation for central processingunit. The CPU is the brains of the computer. Sometimes referred to simply as the central processor, but more commonly called processor, the CPU is where most calculations take place. In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system.
On large machines, CPUs require one or more printed circuit boards. Onpersonal computers and small workstations, the CPU is housed in a singlechip called a microprocessor. Since the 1970's the microprocessor class of CPUs has almost completely overtaken all other CPU implementations.
The CPU itself is an internal component of the computer. Modern CPUs are small and square and contain multiple metallic connectors or pins on the underside. The CPU is inserted directly into a CPU socket, pin side down, on the motherboard. Each motherboard will support only a specific type or range of CPU so you must check the motherboard manufacturer's specifications before attempting to replace or upgrade a CPU. Modern CPUs also have an attached heat sink and small fan that go directly on top of the CPU to help dissipate heat.
Two typical components of a CPU are the following:
- The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations.
- The control unit (CU), which extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary
ALU is the arithmetic logic unit and CU is the control unit! There are many different processors and they arent physically located in a certain spot! It depends on the processor chip!
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