All IP packets are structured the same way - an IP header followed by a variable-length data field.
A summary of the contents of the internet header follows:
- Version: 4 bits
- The Version field indicates the format of the internet header. This document describes version 4.
- IHL: 4 bits
- Internet Header Length is the length of the internet header in 32 bit words, and thus points to the beginning of the data. Note that the minimum value for a correct header is 5.
- Type of Service: 8 bits
- The Type of Service provides an indication of the abstract parameters of the quality of service desired. These parameters are to be used to guide the selection of the actual service parameters when transmitting a datagram through a particular network. Several networks offer service precedence, which somehow treats high precedence traffic as more important than other traffic (generally by accepting only traffic above a certain precedence at time of high load). The major choice is a three way tradeoff between low-delay, high-reliability, and high-throughput.
Bits 0-2: Precedence. Bit 3: 0 = Normal Delay, 1 = Low Delay. Bit 4: 0 = Normal Throughput, 1 = High Throughput. Bit 5: 0 = Normal Relibility, 1 = High Relibility. Bit 6-7: Reserved for Future Use. Precedence 111 - Network Control 011 - Flash 110 - Internetwork Control 010 - Immediate 101 - CRITIC/ECP 001 - Priority 100 - Flash Override 000 - Routine - Total Length: 16 bits
- Total Length is the length of the datagram, measured in octets, including internet header and data. This field allows the length of a datagram to be up to 65,535 octets. Such long datagrams are impractical for most hosts and networks. All hosts must be prepared to accept datagrams of up to 576 octets (whether they arrive whole or in fragments). It is recommended that hosts only send datagrams larger than 576 octets if they have assurance that the destination is prepared to accept the larger datagrams.The number 576 is selected to allow a reasonable sized data block to be transmitted in addition to the required header information. For example, this size allows a data block of 512 octets plus 64 header octets to fit in a datagram. The maximal internet header is 60 octets, and a typical internet header is 20 octets, allowing a margin for headers of higher level protocols.
- Identification: 16 bits
- An identifying value assigned by the sender to aid in assembling the fragments of a datagram.
- Flags: 3 bits
- Various Control Flags.
Bit 0: reserved, must be zero Bit 1: (DF) 0 = May Fragment, 1 = Don't Fragment. Bit 2: (MF) 0 = Last Fragment, 1 = More Fragments. - Fragment Offset: 13 bits
- This field indicates where in the datagram this fragment belongs. The fragment offset is measured in units of 8 octets (64 bits). The first fragment has offset zero.
- Time to Live: 8 bits
- This field indicates the maximum time the datagram is allowed to remain in the internet system. If this field contains the value zero, then the datagram must be destroyed. This field is modified in internet header processing. The time is measured in units of seconds, but since every module that processes a datagram must decrease the TTL by at least one even if it process the datagram in less than a second, the TTL must be thought of only as an upper bound on the time a datagram may exist. The intention is to cause undeliverable datagrams to be discarded, and to bound the maximum datagram lifetime.
- Protocol: 8 bits
- This field indicates the next level protocol used in the data portion of the internet datagram. The values for various protocols are specified in "Assigned Numbers" [9].
- Header Checksum: 16 bits
- A checksum on the header only. Since some header fields change (e.g., time to live), this is recomputed and verified at each point that the internet header is processed.The checksum algorithm is:
- The checksum field is the 16 bit one's complement of the one's complement sum of all 16 bit words in the header. For purposes of computing the checksum, the value of the checksum field is zero.
- Source Address: 32 bits
- The source address. See section 3.2.
- Destination Address: 32 bits
- The destination address. See section 3.2.
- Options: variable
- The options may appear or not in datagrams. They must be implemented by all IP modules (host and gateways). What is optional is their transmission in any particular datagram, not their implementation.In some environments the security option may be required in all datagrams.
The option field is variable in length. There may be zero or more options. There are two cases for the format of an option:
- Case 1: A single octet of option-type.
Case 2: An option-type octet, an option-length octet, and the actual option-data octets.
- 1 bit copied flag,
2 bits option class,
5 bits option number.
- 0 = not copied
1 = copied
- 0 = control
1 = reserved for future use
2 = debugging and measurement
3 = reserved for future use
CLASS NUMBER LENGTH DESCRIPTION 0 0 - End of Option list. This option occupies only 1 octet; it has no length octet. 0 1 - No Operation. This option occupies only 1 octet; it has no length octet. 0 2 11 Security. Used to carry Security, Compartmentation, User Group (TCC), and Handling Restriction Codes compatible with DOD requirements. 0 3 var. Loose Source Routing. Used to route the internet datagram based on information supplied by the source. 0 9 var. Strict Source Routing. Used to route the internet datagram based on information supplied by the source. 0 7 var. Record Route. Used to trace the route an internet datagram takes. 0 8 4 Stream ID. Used to carry the stream identifier. 2 4 var. Internet Timestamp. End of Option List
+--------+ |00000000| +--------+ Type=0This option indicates the end of the option list. This might not coincide with the end of the internet header according to the internet header length. This is used at the end of all options, not the end of each option, and need only be used if the end of the options would not otherwise coincide with the end of the internet header.May be copied, introduced, or deleted on fragmentation, or for any other reason.No Operation
+--------+ |00000001| +--------+ Type=1This option may be used between options, for example, to align the beginning of a subsequent option on a 32 bit boundary.May be copied, introduced, or deleted on fragmentation, or for any other reason.Security
This option provides a way for hosts to send security, compartmentation, handling restrictions, and TCC (closed user group) parameters. The format for this option is as follows:+--------+--------+---//---+---//---+---//---+---//---+ |10000010|00001011|SSS SSS|CCC CCC|HHH HHH| TCC | +--------+--------+---//---+---//---+---//---+---//---+ Type=130 Length=11
- Security (S field): 16 bits
- Specifies one of 16 levels of security (eight of which are reserved for future use).
00000000 00000000 - Unclassified 11110001 00110101 - Confidential 01111000 10011010 - EFTO 10111100 01001101 - MMMM 01011110 00100110 - PROG 10101111 00010011 - Restricted 11010111 10001000 - Secret 01101011 11000101 - Top Secret 00110101 11100010 - (Reserved for future use) 10011010 11110001 - (Reserved for future use) 01001101 01111000 - (Reserved for future use) 00100100 10111101 - (Reserved for future use) 00010011 01011110 - (Reserved for future use) 10001001 10101111 - (Reserved for future use) 11000100 11010110 - (Reserved for future use) 11100010 01101011 - (Reserved for future use)
- Compartments (C field): 16 bits
- An all zero value is used when the information transmitted is not compartmented. Other values for the compartments field may be obtained from the Defense Intelligence Agency.
- Handling Restrictions (H field): 16 bits
- The values for the control and release markings are alphanumeric digraphs and are defined in the Defense Intelligence Agency Manual DIAM 65-19, "Standard Security Markings".
- Transmission Control Code (TCC field): 24 bits
- Provides a means to segregate traffic and define controlled communities of interest among subscribers. The TCC values are trigraphs, and are available from HQ DCA Code 530.
Loose Source and Record Route
+--------+--------+--------+---------//--------+ |10000011| length | pointer| route data | +--------+--------+--------+---------//--------+ Type=131The loose source and record route (LSRR) option provides a means for the source of an internet datagram to supply routing information to be used by the gateways in forwarding the datagram to the destination, and to record the route information.The option begins with the option type code. The second octet is the option length which includes the option type code and the length octet, the pointer octet, and length-3 octets of route data. The third octet is the pointer into the route data indicating the octet which begins the next source address to be processed. The pointer is relative to this option, and the smallest legal value for the pointer is 4.
A route data is composed of a series of internet addresses. Each internet address is 32 bits or 4 octets. If the pointer is greater than the length, the source route is empty (and the recorded route full) and the routing is to be based on the destination address field. If the address in destination address field has been reached and the pointer is not greater than the length, the next address in the source route replaces the address in the destination address field, and the recorded route address replaces the source address just used, and pointer is increased by four.
The recorded route address is the internet module's own internet address as known in the environment into which this datagram is being forwarded.
This procedure of replacing the source route with the recorded route (though it is in the reverse of the order it must be in to be used as a source route) means the option (and the IP header as a whole) remains a constant length as the datagram progresses through the internet.
This option is a loose source route because the gateway or host IP is allowed to use any route of any number of other intermediate gateways to reach the next address in the route.
Must be copied on fragmentation. Appears at most once in a datagram.
Strict Source and Record Route
+--------+--------+--------+---------//--------+ |10001001| length | pointer| route data | +--------+--------+--------+---------//--------+ Type=137The strict source and record route (SSRR) option provides a means for the source of an internet datagram to supply routing information to be used by the gateways in forwarding the datagram to the destination, and to record the route information.The option begins with the option type code. The second octet is the option length which includes the option type code and the length octet, the pointer octet, and length-3 octets of route data. The third octet is the pointer into the route data indicating the octet which begins the next source address to be processed. The pointer is relative to this option, and the smallest legal value for the pointer is 4.
A route data is composed of a series of internet addresses. Each internet address is 32 bits or 4 octets. If the pointer is greater than the length, the source route is empty (and the
recorded route full) and the routing is to be based on the destination address field.
If the address in destination address field has been reached and the pointer is not greater than the length, the next address in the source route replaces the address in the destination address field, and the recorded route address replaces the source address just used, and pointer is increased by four.
The recorded route address is the internet module's own internet address as known in the environment into which this datagram is being forwarded.
This procedure of replacing the source route with the recorded route (though it is in the reverse of the order it must be in to be used as a source route) means the option (and the IP header as a whole) remains a constant length as the datagram progresses through the internet.
This option is a strict source route because the gateway or host IP must send the datagram directly to the next address in the source route through only the directly connected network indicated in the next address to reach the next gateway or host specified in the route.
Must be copied on fragmentation. Appears at most once in a datagram.
Record Route
+--------+--------+--------+---------//--------+ |00000111| length | pointer| route data | +--------+--------+--------+---------//--------+ Type=7The record route option provides a means to record the route of an internet datagram.The option begins with the option type code. The second octet is the option length which includes the option type code and the length octet, the pointer octet, and length-3 octets of route data. The third octet is the pointer into the route data indicating the octet which begins the next area to store a route address. The pointer is relative to this option, and the smallest legal value for the pointer is 4.
A recorded route is composed of a series of internet addresses. Each internet address is 32 bits or 4 octets. If the pointer is greater than the length, the recorded route data area is full. The originating host must compose this option with a large enough route data area to hold all the address expected. The size of the option does not change due to adding addresses. The intitial contents of the route data area must be zero.
When an internet module routes a datagram it checks to see if the record route option is present. If it is, it inserts its own internet address as known in the environment into which this datagram is being forwarded into the recorded route begining at the octet indicated by the pointer, and increments the pointer by four.
If the route data area is already full (the pointer exceeds the length) the datagram is forwarded without inserting the address into the recorded route. If there is some room but not enough room for a full address to be inserted, the original datagram is considered to be in error and is discarded. In either case an ICMP parameter problem message may be sent to the source host [3].
Not copied on fragmentation, goes in first fragment only. Appears at most once in a datagram.
Stream Identifier
+--------+--------+--------+--------+ |10001000|00000010| Stream ID | +--------+--------+--------+--------+ Type=136 Length=4This option provides a way for the 16-bit SATNET stream identifier to be carried through networks that do not support the stream concept.Must be copied on fragmentation. Appears at most once in a datagram.
Internet Timestamp
+--------+--------+--------+--------+ |01000100| length | pointer|oflw|flg| +--------+--------+--------+--------+ | internet address | +--------+--------+--------+--------+ | timestamp | +--------+--------+--------+--------+ | . | . . Type = 68The Option Length is the number of octets in the option counting the type, length, pointer, and overflow/flag octets (maximum length 40).The Pointer is the number of octets from the beginning of this option to the end of timestamps plus one (i.e., it points to the octet beginning the space for next timestamp). The smallest legal value is 5. The timestamp area is full when the pointer is greater than the length.
The Overflow (oflw) [4 bits] is the number of IP modules that cannot register timestamps due to lack of space.
The Flag (flg) [4 bits] values are
- 0 -- time stamps only, stored in consecutive 32-bit words,1 -- each timestamp is preceded with internet address of the registering entity,
3 -- the internet address fields are prespecified. An IP module only registers its timestamp if it matches its own address with the next specified internet address.
If the timestamp data area is already full (the pointer exceeds the length) the datagram is forwarded without inserting the timestamp, but the overflow count is incremented by one.
If there is some room but not enough room for a full timestamp to be inserted, or the overflow count itself overflows, the original datagram is considered to be in error and is discarded. In either case an ICMP parameter problem message may be sent to the source host [3].
The timestamp option is not copied upon fragmentation. It is carried in the first fragment. Appears at most once in a datagram.
- Padding: variable
- The internet header padding is used to ensure that the internet header ends on a 32 bit boundary. The padding is zero.
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